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NEET 2028 Syllabus

NEET ( Online Exam : 3 hr 15 mins )
Number of Question : 45 \| Total Marks : 180		Number of Question : 45 \| Total Marks : 180		Number of Question : 90 \| Total Marks : 360
Physics		Chemistry		Biology ( Zoology + Botany )
Class 11	Class 12	Class 11	Class 12	Class 11	Class 12
1. PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT	1. ELECTROSTATICS	1. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY	1. SOLUTIONS	1. UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD	1. UNIT VI: REPRODUCTION
2. KINEMATICS	2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY	2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE	2. ELECTROCHEMISTRY	2. UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS	2. UNIT VII: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
3. LAWS OF MOTION	3. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM	3. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES	3. CHEMICAL KINETICS	3. UNIT III: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION	3. UNIT VIII: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
4. WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER	4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS	4. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE	4. p - BLOCK ELEMENTS	4. UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY	4. UNIT IX: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
5. ROTATIONAL MOTION	5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES	5. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS	5. d - AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS	5. UNIT V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY	5. UNIT X: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
6. GRAVITATION	6. OPTICS	6. CHEMICAL & IONIC EQUILIBRIUM	6. CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
7. PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS	7. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION	7. REDOX REACTIONS	7. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
8. THERMODYNAMICS	8. ATOMS AND NUCLEI	8. SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY	8. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN ( Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers )
9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES	9. ELECTRONIC DEVICES	9. HYDROCARBONS	9. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN ( Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids )
10. OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES		10. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS	10. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
			11. BIOMOLECULES

Physics

Class XI :

1. PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

1. Units of Measurements.
2. System of Units.
3. SI Units.
4. Fundamental and Derived Units.
5. Least Count.
6. Significant Figures.
7. Errors in Measurements.
8. Dimensions of Physical Quantities.
9. Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications.

2. KINEMATICS

1. The Frame of Reference.
2. Motion in Straight Line.
3. Position Time Graph, Speed and Velocity .
4. Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion.
5. Average Speed and Instantaneous Velocity.
6. Uniformly Accelerated Motion.
7. Velocity-Time, Position-Time Graph.
8. Relations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion.
9. Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities.
10. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.
11. Scalar and Vector Product.
12. Unit Vector.
13. Resolution of a Vector.
14. Relative Velocity.
15. Motion in a plane.
16. Projectile Motion.
17. Uniform Circular Motion.

3. LAWS OF MOTION

1. Force & Inertia.
2. Newton's First Law of Motion.
3. Momentum and Newton's Second Law of Motion.
4. Impulse.
5. Newton's Third Law of Motion.
6. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and Its Applications.
7. Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces.
8. Static and Kinetic Friction.
9. Laws of Friction.
10. Rolling Friction.
11. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion.
12. Centripetal Force and Its Applications.
13. Examples of Circular Motion ( Vehicle on a Level Circular Road,Vehicle on a Banked Road ).

4. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

1. Work Done by a Constant Force and a Variable Force.
2. Kinetic and Potential Energy.
3. Work-Energy Theorem.
4. Power.
5. Potential Energy of a Spring Conservation of Mechanical Energy.
6. Conservative Forces & Non-Conservative Forces.
7. Motion in a Vertical Circle.
8. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One and Two Dimension.

5. ROTATIONAL MOTION

1. Centre of Mass of a Two-Particle System.
2. Centre of Mass of a Rigid Body.
3. Basic concepts of rotational motion
4. Moment of a Force.
5. Torque.
6. Angular Momentum.
7. Conservation of Angular Momentum and Its Applications.
8. Moment of Inertia.
9. Radius of Gyration.
10. Values of Moments of Inertia for Simple Geometrical Objects.
11. Parallel and Perpendicular Axes Theorems and Their Applications
12. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies.
13. Rigid Body Rotation and Equations of Rotational Motion.
14. Comparison of Linear and Rotational Motion.

6. GRAVITATION

1. Universal Law of Gravitation.
2. Acceleration Due to Gravity and Its Variation with Altitude and Depth.
3. Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion.
4. Gravitational Potential Energy and Gravitational Potential.
5. Escape Velocity.
6. Motion of a Satellite.
7. Orbital Velocity of a Satellite.
8. Time Period and Energy of Satellite.

7. PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

1. Elastic Behaviour.
2. Stress-Strain Relationship.
3. Hooke's Law.
4. Young's Modulus.
5. Bulk Modulus.
6. Modulus of Rigidity.
7. Pressure Due to a Fluid Column.
8. Pascal's Law and Its Applications .
9. Effect of Gravity on Fluid Pressure.
10. Viscosity.
11. Stokes' Law.
12. Terminal Velocity.
13. Streamline and Turbulent Flow.
14. Critical Velocity.
15. Bernoulli's Theorem and Its Applications.
16. Surface Energy and Surface Tension.
17. Angle of Contact.
18. Excess Pressure Across a Curved Surface.
19. Applications of Surface Tension Ideas to Drops,Bubbles and Capillary Rise.
20. Heat.
21. Temperature.
22. Thermal Expansion.
23. Anomalous Expansion of Water.
24. Specific Heat Capacity.
25. Calorimetry.
26. Change of State .
27. Latent Heat Capacity.
28. Heat Transfer - Conduction,Conduction,Convection and Radiation.
29. Thermal Conductivity.

8. THERMODYNAMICS

1. Thermal Equilibrium.
2. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Heat,Work and Internal Energy.
4. First Law of Thermodynamics.
5. Isothermal and Adiabatic Process.
6. Second Law of Thermodynamics.
7. Reversible and Irreversible Processes.

9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

1. Equation of State of a Perfect Gas.
2. Work Done in Compressing a Gas.
3. Kinetic Theory of Gases - Assumptions.
4. The Concept of Pressure.
5. Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature.
6. RMS Speed of Gas Molecules.
7. Degrees of Freedom.
8. Law of Equipartition of Energy ( Statement Only ) and Applications to Specific Heat Capacities of Gases.
9. Concept of Mean Free Path.
10. Avogadro's Number.

10. OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

1. Oscillations and Periodic Motion - Time Period, Frequency ,Displacement as a Function of Time
2. Periodic Functions.
3. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)and Its Equation.
4. Phase.
5. Oscillations of a Loaded Spring : Restoring Force and Force Constant.
6. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion.
7 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.
8. Simple Pendulum Derivation of Expression For Its Time Period.
9. Wave Motion.
10. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves.
11. Speed of Travelling Wave.
12. Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave.
13. Principle of Superposition of Waves.
14. Reflection of Waves.
15. Standing Waves in Strings and Organ Pipes.
16. Fundamental Mode and Harmonics.
17. Beats.

Class XII :

1. ELECTROSTATICS

1. Electric Charges.
2. Conservation of Charge.
3. Coulomb's Law Force Between Two Point Charges.
4. Forces Between Multiple Charges.
5. Superposition Principle and Continuous Charge Distribution.
6. Electric Field.
7. Electric Field Due to a Point Charge, Electric Field Lines.
8. Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole.
9. Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field.
10. Electric Flux.
11. Gauss's Law and Its Applications to Find Field Due to Infinitely Long Uniformly Charged Straight Wire.
12. Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet.
13. Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell.
14. Electric Potential.
15. Electric potential and Its Calculation For a Point Charge.
16. Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge.
17. Electric Dipole and System of Charges.
18. Potential Difference.
19. Equipotential Surfaces.
20. Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges.
21. Electrical Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field.
22. Conductors and Insulators.
23. Free Charges Inside a Conductor.
24. Bound Charges Inside a Conductor.
25. Dielectrics and Electric Polarisation.
26. Capacitors and Capacitance.
27. Combination of Capacitors in Series.
28. Combination of Capacitors in Parallel.
29. Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor With and Without Dielectric Medium Between The Plates.
30. Energy Stored in a Capacitor.

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Electric Current.
2. Drift Velocity.
3. Mobility and Their Relation Between Drift Velocity.
4. Ohm's Law.
5. Electrical Resistance.
6. V-l Characteristics of Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors.
7. Electrical Energy and Power.
8. Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity.
9. Series and Parallel Combinations of resistors.
10. Temperature Dependence of Resistance.
11. Internal Resistance.
12. Potential Difference and Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Cell.
13. Combination of Cells in Series and Parallel.
14. Kirchhoff's Laws and Their Applications .
15. Wheatstone Bridge.
16. Metre Bridge.

3. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

1. Biot-Savart Law and it's Application to a Current Carrying Circular Loop.
2. Ampere's Law and it's Applications to Infinitely Long Current Carrying Straight Wire and Solenoid.
3. Force on a Moving Charge in a Uniform Magnetic and Electric Field.
4. Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
5. The Force Between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors - Definition of Ampere.
6. Torque Experienced by a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
7. Moving Coil Galvanometer.
8. It's Sensitivity and Conversion to Ammeter and Voltmeter.
9. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and it's Magnetic Dipole Moment.
10. Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid.
11. Magnetic Field Lines.
12. Magnetic Field Due to a Magnetic Dipole (Bar Magnet) Along its Axis and Perpendicular to Its Axis.
13. Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
14. Paramagnetic , Diamagnetic and Ferromagnetic Substances with Examples.
15. Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Properties.

4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

1. Electromagnetic Induction.
2. Faraday's Laws.
3. Induced EMF and Current.
4. Induced .
5. Eddy Currents.
6. Self and Mutual Induction.
7. Alternating Current (AC).
8. Peak and RMS Value of Alternating Current and Voltage.
9. Reactance and Impedance.
10. LCR Series Circuit.
11. Resonance .
12. Power in AC Circuits.
13. Wattless Current.
14. AC Generator.
15. Transformer.

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. Displacement Current.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Their Characteristics.
3. Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves.
4. Electromagnetic Spectrum ( Radio Waves , Microwaves , Infrared , Visible , Ultraviolet , X-Rays , Gamma Rays ).
5. Applications of e.m. Waves.

6. OPTICS

1. Reflection of Light.
2. Spherical Mirrors.
3. Mirror Formula.
4. Refraction of Light at Plan and Spherical Surfaces.
5. Thin Lens Formula and Lens Maker Formula.
6. Total Internal Reflection and Its Applications.
7. Magnification.
8. Power of a Lens.
9. Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact.
10. Refraction of Light Through a Prism.
11. Microscopic and Astronomical Telescopes (Reflecting and Refracting ) and Their Magnifying Power.
12. Wave Optics.
13. Wavefront and Huygens' Principle.
14. Laws of Reflection and Refraction Using Huygens' Principle.
15. Interference.
16. Young's Double Slit Experiment and Expression for Fringe Width.
17. Coherent Sources and Sustained Interference of Light.
18. Diffraction Due to a Single Slit.
19. Width of Central Maximum.
20. Polarisation.
21. Plane Polarised Light.
22. Brewster's Law.
23. Uses of Plane Polarised Light and Polaroids.

7. DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

1. Dual Nature of Radiation.
2. Photoelectric Effect.
3. Hertz's and Lenard's Observations.
4. Einstein's Photoelectric Equation.
5. Particle Nature of Light.
6. Matter Waves.
7. Wave Nature of Particles.
8. De Broglie Relation.

Study Materials

8. ATOMS AND NUCLEI

1. Alpha-Particle Scattering Experiment.
2. Rutherford's Model of Atom.
3. Bohr Model of Atom.
4. Energy Levels in an Atom.
5. Hydrogen Spectrum.
6. Composition of Nucleus.
7. Size of Nucleus.
8. Atomic Masses.
9. Mass-Energy Relation.
10. Mass Defect.
11. Binding Energy per Nucleon nd it's Variation with Mass Number.
12. Nuclear Fission.
13. Nuclear Fusion.

9. ELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. Semiconductors.
2. Semiconductor Diode.
3. I-V Characteristics in Forward and Reverse Bias.
4. Diode as a Rectifier.
5. I-V Characteristics of LED.
6. The Photodiode.
7. Solar Cell.
8. Zener Diode.
9. Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator.
10. Logic Gates.
11. OR Gate.
12. AND Gate.
13. NOT Gate.
14. NAND Gate.
15. NOR Gate.

Chemistry

Class XI :

1. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

1. Nature of Matter.
2. Dalton's Atomic Theory.
3. Concept of Atoms.
4. Molecules.
5. Elements.
6. Compound.
7. Laws of Chemical Combination.
8. Atomic and Molecular Mass.
9.. Mole Concept.
10. Molar Mass.
11. Percentage Composition.
12. Empirical Formula.
13. Molecular Formula.
14. Chemical Reactions.
15. Stoichiometry.

2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation.
2. Photoelectric Effect.
3. Spectrum of The Hydrogen Atom.
4. Bohr Model of a Hydrogen Atom - its Postulates.
5. Derivation of The Relations For The Energy of The Electron and Radii of The Different Orbits.
6. Limitations of Bohr's Model.
7. Dual Nature of Matter.
8. De Broglie's Relationship.
9. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
10. Elementary Ideas of Quantum Mechanics.
11. Quantum Mechanics.
12. The Quantum Mechanical Model of The Atom and its Important Features.
13. Concept of Atomic Orbitals as One-Electron Wave Functions.
14. Variation of  and 2 With r for 1s and 2s Orbitals.
15. Various Quantum Numbers (Principal, Angular Momentum, and Magnetic Quantum Numbers) and Their Significance.
16. Shapes of s, p, and d-Orbitals.
17. Electron Spin and Spin Quantum Numbers.
18. Rules For Filling Electrons in Orbitals – Aufbau Principle.
19. Pauli's Exclusion Principle.
20. Hund's Rule.
21. Electronic Configuration of Elements.
22. Extra Stability of Half-Filled and Completely Filled Orbitals.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

1. Modern Periodic Law.
2. Present Form of the Periodic Table.
3. s, p. d and f Block Elements.
4. Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements.
5. Atomic Radii.
6. Ionic Radii.
7. Ionization Enthalpy.
8. Electron Gain Enthalpy.
9. Valence.
10. Oxidation States.
11. Chemical Reactivity.

4. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

1. Kossel - Lewis Approach to Chemical Bond Formation.
2. The Concept of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
3. Ionic Bonding: Formation of Ionic Bonds.
4. Factors Affecting The Formation of Ionic Bonds
5. Calculation of Lattice Enthalpy
6. Covalent Bonding: Concept of Electronegativity.
7. Fajan’s Rule.
8. Dipole Moment.
9. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) Theory and Shapes of Simple Molecules.
10. Quantum Mechanical Approach to Bovalent Bonding.
11. Valence Bond Theory - Its Important Features.
12. The Concept of Hybridization Involving s, p, and d Orbitals.
13. Resonance.
14. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its Important Features. LCAOs.
15. Types of Molecular Orbitals (Bonding, Antibonding).
16. Sigma and pi-Bonds.
17. Molecular Orbital Electronic Configurations of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules.
18. The Concept of Bond Order.
19. Bond Length and Bond Energy.
20. Elementary Idea of Metallic Bonding.
21. Hydrogen Bonding and Its Applications.

5. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

1. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics.
2. System and Surroundings.
3. Extensive and Intensive Properties.
4. State Functions.
5. Types of Processes.
6. The First Law of Thermodynamics - Concept of Work.
7. Heat Internal Energy and Enthalpy.
8. Heat Capacity.
9. Molar Heat Capacity.
10. Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation.
11. Enthalpies of Bond Dissociation.
12. Combustion,.
13. Formation.
14. Atomization.
15. Sublimation.
16. Phase Transition.
17. Hydration.
18. Ionization and Solution.
19. The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Spontaneity of Processes.
20. S of The Universe and G of The System as Criteria For Spontaneity.
21. G (Standard Gibbs Energy Change) and Equilibrium Constant.

6. CHEMICAL & IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

1. Equilibrium.
2. The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium
3. Equilibrium in Physical Processes.
4. Solid-Liquid
5. Liquid - Gas and Solid-Gas Equilibria
6. Henry's Law
7. General Characteristics of Equilibrium Involving Physical Processes
8. Equilibrium in Chemical Processes.
9. Law of Chemical Equilibrium
10. Equilibrium Constants (Kp and Kc) and Their Significance
11. The Significance of G and G in Chemical Equilibrium
12. Factors Affecting Equilibrium Concentration
13. Pressure
14. Temperature
15. The Effect of Catalyst
16. Le Chatelier’s Principle
17. Ionic Equilibrium
18. Weak and Strong Electrolytes.
19. Ionization of Electrolytes.
20. Various Concepts of Acids and Bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and Their Ionization.
21. Acid-Base Equilibria (Including Multistage Ionization) and Ionization Constants.
22. Ionization of Water.
23. pH Scale.
24. Common Ion Effect.
25. Hydrolysis of Salts and pH of Their Solutions.
26. The Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Salts and Solubility Sroducts.
27. Buffer Solutions.

7. REDOX REACTIONS

1. Oxidation.
2. Reduction.
3. Redox Reactions.
4. Identification of Redox Reactions.
5. Oxidation Number.
6. Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers.
7. Calculation of Oxidation Numbers.
8. Balancing Redox Reactions.

8. SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. General Introduction to Organic Chemistry.
2. Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds.
3. Tetravalency of Carbon.
4. Shapes of Simple Molecules - Hybridization (s and p).
5. Classification of Organic Compounds Based on Functional Groups and Those Containing Halogens, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur; Homologous Series.
6. Isomerism - Structural and Stereoisomerism.
7. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC).
8. Covalent Bond Fission.
9. Homolytic Fission of a Covalent Bond.
10. Heterolytic Fission of a Covalent Bond.
11. Free Radicals.
12. Carbocations.
13. Carbanions.
14. Stability of Carbocations and Free Radicals.
15. Electrophiles.
16. Nucleophiles.
17. Electronic Displacement In a Covalent Bond.
18. Inductive Effect.
19. Electromeric Effect.
20. Resonance.
21. Hyperconjugation.
22. Common Types of Organic Reactions.
23. Addition Reactions.
24. Substitution Reactions.
25. Elimination Reactions.
26. Rearrangement Reactions.

9. HYDROCARBONS

1. Classification of Hydrocarbons.
2. Isomerism in Alkanes.
3. IUPAC Nomenclature.
4. General Methods of Preparation.
5. Properties.
6. Reactions.
7. Alkanes
8. Conformations
9. Sawhorse and Newman Projections (of Ethane)
10. Mechanism of
11. Halogenation of Alkanes
12. Alkenes.
13. Physical Properties of Alkenes.
14. Methods of Preparation of Alkenes.
15. Geometrical Isomerism.
16. Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition.
17. Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes.
18. Addition of Halogens to Alkenes.
19. Addition of Water to Alkenes.
20. Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes ( Markovnikov's Rule and Peroxide Effect ).
21. Ozonolysis and polymerization..
22. Alkynes.
23. Physical Properties of Alkynes.
24. Methods of Preparation of Alkynes.
25. Acidic Character of Alkynes.
26. Addition of Hydrogen to Alkynes.
27. Addition of Halogens to Alkynes.
28. Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkynes.
29. Addition of Water to Alkynes.
30. Polymerization.
31. Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
32. Introduction to Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
33. IUPAC Nomenclature of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
34. Benzene structure and Aromaticity.
35. Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution.
36. Nitration of Benzene.
37. Halogenation of Benzene.
38. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation.
39. Friedel-Crafts Acylation.
40. Directive Influence of Functional Group in Mono-Substituted Benzene.

10. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1. Purification.
2. Crystallization.
3. Sublimation.
4. Distillation,.
5. Differential Extraction.
6. Chromatography - Principles and Their Applications.
7. Qualitative Analysis
8. Detection of Nitrogen
9. Sulphur,
10. Phosphorus,
11. Halogens.
12. Quantitative Analysis : Basic Principles Only.
13. Estimation of Carbon.
14. Hydrogen.
15. Nitrogen.
16. Halogens.
17. Sulphur.
18. Phosphorus.
19. Calculations of Empirical Formulae and Molecular Formulae.
20. Numerical Problems in Organic Quantitative Analysis.

Class XII :

1. SOLUTIONS

1. Different Methods for Expressing the Concentration of Solution.
2. Mole Fraction.
3. Molarity.
4. Molality.
5. Mass Percentage.
6. Volume Percentage.
7. The Vapour Pressure of Solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions.
8. Vapour Pressure - Composition.
9. Plots For Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions.
10. Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions - A Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure.
11. Depression of Freezing Point.
12. Elevation of Boiling Point.
13. Osmotic Pressure.
14. Determination of Molecular Mass Using Colligative Properties.
15. Abnormal Value of Molar Masses.
16. Van't Hoff Factor and its Significance.

2. ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1. Electrolytic and metallic Conduction.
2. Conductance in Electrolytic Solutions.
3. Molar Conductivity.
4. Variation with Concentration.
5. Kohlrausch's Law.
6. Applications of Kohlrausch's Law.
7. Electrochemical Cells.
8. Electrolytic and Galvanic Cells.
9. Different Types of Electrodes.
10. Electrode Potentials Including Standard Electrode Potential.
11. Half - Cell and Cell Reactions.
12. Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Galvanic Cell and its measurement.
13. Nernst Equation and its Measurement.
14. Relationship Between Cell Potential and Gibbs Energy Change.
15. Dry Cell and Lead Accumulator.
16. Fuel Cells.

3. CHEMICAL KINETICS

1. Rate of Reaction.
2. Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction: Concentration, Temperature , Catalysts.
3. Elementary and Complex Reactions.
4. Order and Molecularity of Reaction.
5. Rate Law.
6. Rate Constant and Its Units.
7. Differential and Integral Forms of Zero and First Order Reactions.
8. Their Characteristics and Half-Life.
9. The Effect of Temperature on The Rate of Reactions.
10. Arrhenius Theory.
11. Activation Energy and Its Calculation.
12. Collision Theory of Bimolecular Gaseous Reactions (No Derivation).

4. p- BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups.
2. Group 13 Elements (Nitrogen Family).
3. Group 14 Elements (Oxygen Family).
2. Group 15 Elements (Nitrogen Family).
3. Group 16 Elements (Oxygen Family).
4. Group 17 Elements (Halogen Family).
5. Group 18 Elements (Noble Gases).
6. Electronic Configuration of Group 13 Elements.
7. Electronic Configuration of Group 14 Elements.
6. Electronic Configuration of Group 15 Elements.
7. Electronic Configuration of Group 16 Elements.
8. Electronic Configuration of Group 17 Elements.
9. Electronic Configuration of Group 18 Elements.
10. Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 13 Elements.
11. Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 14 Elements.
10. Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 15 Elements.
11. Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 16 Elements.
12. Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements.
13. Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 18 Elements.
14. Unique Behaviour of Nitrogen.
15. Unique Behaviour of Boron.
14. Unique Behaviour of Carbon.
15. Unique Behaviour of Oxygen.
16. Unique Behaviour of Fluorine.
17. Unique Behaviour of Helium.
18. Periodic Trends Across Periods.
19. Periodic Trends Down the Groups.

5. d - AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Transition Elements.
2. General Introduction.
3. Electronic Configuration .
4. Occurrence and Characteristics.
5. General Trends in Properties of The First Row Transition Elements - Physical Properties.
6. Ionization Enthalpy.
7. Oxidation States.
8. Atomic Radii.
9. Colour.
10. Catalytic Behaviour.
11. Magnetic Properties.
12. Complex Formation.
13. Interstitial Compounds.
14. Alloy Formation.
15. Preparation,Properties.
16. Uses of Potassium Dichromate ( K2Cr2O7 ) and Potassium Permanganate ( KMnO4 ).
17. Inner Transition Elements.
18. Lanthanoids.
19. Electronic Configuration of Lanthanoids.
20. Oxidation States of Lanthanoids.
21. Lanthanoid Contraction.
22. Consequences of Lanthanoid Contraction.
23. Actinoids.
24. Electronic Configuration of Actinoids.
25. Oxidation States of Actinoids.
26. Comparison Between Actinoids and Lanthanoids.

6. CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

1. Introduction to Coordination Compounds.
2. Werner's Theory.
3. Ligands.
4. Coordination Number.
5. Denticity.
6. Chelation.
7. IUPAC Nomenclature of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds.
8. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds.
9. Bonding - Valence Bond Approach and Basic Ideas of Crystal Field Theory.
10. Crystal Field Theory (CFT).
12. Colour and Magnetic Properties.
13. Importance of Co-Ordination Compounds (In Qualitative Analysis, Extraction of Metals and In Biological Systems).

7. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS

1. General Methods of Preparation.
2. Properties and Reactions.
3. Nature of C-X Bond.
4. Mechanisms of Substitution Reactions.
5. Uses; Environmental Effects of Chloroform.
6. Iodoform Freons and DDT.

8. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN ( Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers )

1. General Methods of Preparation
2.Properties,
3. Reactions and Uses
4. Alcohols.
5. Nomenclature of Alcohols.
6. Methods of Preparation of Alcohols.
7. Physical Properties of Alcohols.
8. Chemical Properties of Primary Alcohols.
9. Identification of Primary Alcohols.
10. Identification of Secondary Alcohols.
11. Identification of Tertiary Alcohols.
12. Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohols.
13. Phenols.
14. Nomenclature of Phenols.
15. Methods of Preparation of Phenols.
16. Physical Properties of Phenols.
17. Chemical Properties of Phenols.
18. Acidic Nature of Phenol.
19. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Phenols.
20. halogenation..
21. nitration and sulphonation
22. Reimer - Tiemann reaction
23. Ethers.
24. Nomenclature of Ethers.
25. Methods of Preparation of Ethers.
26. Physical Properties of Ethers.
27. Chemical Properties of Ethers.
28. Uses of Ethers.

9. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN ( Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids )

1. Aldehydes.
2. Ketones.
3. Nomenclature of Aldehydes.
4. Nomenclature of Ketones.
5. Carbonyl Group.
6. Nature of Carbonyl Group.
7. Methods of Preparation of Aldehydes.
8. Methods of Preparation of Ketones.
9. Physical Properties of Aldehydes.
10. Physical Properties of Ketones.
11. Chemical Properties of Aldehydes.
12. Chemical Properties of Ketones.
13. Nucleophilic Addition to >C=O Group, Relative Reactivities of Aldehydes and Ketones.
14. Important Reactions Such As - Nucleophilic Addition Reactions (Addition of HCN. NH3, and its Derivatives).
15. Grignard Reagent.
16. Oxidation.
17. Reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen).
18. The Acidity Alpha-hydrogen.
19. A Hydrogen in Aldehydes.
20. Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes.
21. Aldol Condensation.
22. Cannizzaro Reaction.
23. Haloform Reaction.
24. Chemical Tests to Distinguish Between Aldehydes and Ketones.
25. Carboxylic Acids.
26. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids.
27. Acidic Strength and Factors Affecting Carboxylic Acids.
28. Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids.
29. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids.
30. Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids.
31. Uses of Carboxylic Acids.

10. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

1. General Methods of Preparation
2. Properties
3. Reactions and Uses.
4. Amines.
5. Nomenclature of Amines.
6. Classification of Amines.
7. Structure of Amines.
8. Physical Properties of Amines.
9. Chemical Properties of Amines.
10. Basic Character of Primary Amines.
11. Basic Character of Secondary Amines.
12. Basic Character of Tertiary Amines.
13. Identification of Primary Amines.
14. Identification of Secondary Amines.
15. Identification of Tertiary Amines.
16. Diazonium Salts.
17. Preparation of Diazonium Salts.
18. Chemical Reactions of Diazonium Salts.
19. Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthetic Organic Chemistry.

11. BIOMOLECULES

1. General Introduction and Importance of Biomolecules.
3. Carbohydrates.
4. Classification of Carbohydrates.
5. Aldoses and Ketoses.
6. Monosaccharides ( Glucose and Fructose ) and Constituent Monosaccharides of Oligosaccharides ( Sucrose , Lactose and Maltose ).
6. Proteins.
7. Elementary Idea of -Amino Acids.
8. Peptide Bond.
9. Polypeptides.
10. Structure of Proteins.
11. Primary Structure of Proteins.
12. Secondary Structure of Proteins.
13. Tertiary Structure of Proteins.
14. Quaternary Structure of Proteins ( Qualitative Idea Only ).
15. Denaturation of Proteins.
16. Enzymes.
17. Hormones.
18. Elementary Concept of Hormones.
19. Vitamins.
20. Classification of Vitamins.
21. Functions of Vitamins.
22. Nucleic Acids.
23. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
24. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).
25. Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids.

Biology

Class XI :

CHAPTER 1 ( UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD )

This Unit Provides The Foundational Understanding of Biological Classification and The Vast Variety of Life Forms on Earth. It Is a High-Yield Area for NEET as it Introduces Taxonomic Hierarchy and The Characteristics of Different Kingdoms.

1. What is Living.
2. Biodiversity : Need for Classification.
3. Three Domains of Life.
4. Taxonomy & Systematics : Concept of Species and Taxonomical Hierarchy.
5. Binomial Nomenclature.

Chapter 2 ( UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD )

1. Five Kingdom Classification.
2. Salient Features and Classification of Monera.
3. Protista and Fungi Into Major Groups.
4. Lichens.
5. Viruses and Viroids.

Chapter 3 ( UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD )

1. Salient Features and Classification of Plants into Major Groups-Algae.
2. Bryophytes.
3. Pteridophytes.
4. Gymnosperms ( Three to Five Salient and Distinguishing Features and at least Two Examples of Each Category).
5. Characteristic Features and Examples.

Chapter 4 ( UNIT I: DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD )

1. Animal Kingdom.
2. Salient Features and Classification of Animals.
3. Nonchordate up to Phyla Level and Chordate up to Class Level (Three to Five Salient Features and at least Two Examples).

Chapter 5 ( UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS )

1. Morphology of Flowering Plants Morphology Deals With The External Structure and Forms of Plants.

The Root: Types of root systems (tap, fibrous, adventitious), regions of the root, and modifications for support, storage, and respiration.
The Stem: Characteristics, nodes and internodes, and modifications (tendrils, thorns, phylloclades).
The Leaf: Structure, venation (reticulate and parallel), types of leaves (simple and compound), phyllotaxy, and modifications.
The Inflorescence: Racemose and cymose patterns.
The Flower: Parts of a flower, ovary position (hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous), and symmetry (actinomorphic, zygomorphic).
The Fruit and Seed: Structure of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds.
Technical Description of Families: Floral features and diagrams of family Solanaceae.

Study Materials

Chapter 6 ( UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS )

1. Anatomy of Flowering Plants Anatomy Explores The Internal Organization of Tissues.
2. The Comparison Between Monocots and Dicots Remains a High-Weightage Area.
3. The Tissue System.
4. Epidermal Tissue System.
5. Ground Tissue System and Vascular Tissue System (Xylem and Phloem).
6. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants.
7. Internal Structure of Roots.
8. Stems and Leaves.
9. Secondary Growth.
10. Though Reduced in Recent Updates.
11. Understanding The Basic Concept of Cambium Activity is Helpful for Conceptual Clarity.

Chapter 7 ( UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS )

1. Animal Tissues.
2. Classification.
3. Structure and Location of Epithelial.
4. Connective.
5. Muscular and Neural Tissues.
6. Organ and Organ System.
7. Basic Introduction to How Tissues Form Functional Organs.
8. Morphology and Anatomy of Frog.
9. Following Recent NMC Updates.
10. The Study of The Frog (Rana Tigrina) Has Become a Primary Focus.
11. You Must Cover The Digestive.
12. Circulatory.
13. Respiratory.
14. Nervous.
15. Excretory and Reproductive Systems.
16. Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach.
17. Detailed Study of the External Features and Internal Systems ( Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Nervous, and reproductive) of an Insect.
18. Morphology of Flowering Plants External Structures Floral Formulas.
19. Root/Stem/Leaf Modifications.
20. Inflorescence Types Anatomy of Flowering Plants Internal Tissues Vascular Bundle arrangements.
21. Dicot vs Monocot Differences Structural Org.
22. In Animals Tissues & Systems Epithelial Tissues.
23. Connective Tissues.
24. Frog & Cockroach Anatomy Unit III.
25. Cell: Structure and Functions.

Chapter 8 ( UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS )

1. Cell.
2. The Unit of Life Cell Theory.
3. Historical Background and The Modern Definition of The Cell.
4. Prokaryotic Cells.
5. Detailed Structure of Bacterial Cells.
6. Envelope and Inclusion Bodies.
7. Eukaryotic Cells.
8. In-Depth Study of Organelles Including Mitochondria.
9. Chloroplasts.
10. Ribosomes.
11. Cytoskeleton.
12. Cilia.
13. Flagella and The Nucleus.

Chapter 9 ( UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS )

1. Biomolecules Chemical Constituents.
2. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites.
3. Structure of Macromolecules.
4. Understanding Proteins (Amino Acids).
5. Polysaccharides and Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA).
6. Enzymes.
7. Classification.
8. Nomenclature and The Mechanism of Enzyme Action Including Factors Affecting Activity ( pH, Temperature ).

Chapter 10 ( UNIT III: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION )

1. Cell Theory and Cell as the Basic Unit of Life.
2. Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell.
3. Plant Cell and Animal Cell.
4. Cell Envelope.
5. Cell Membrane.
6. Cell Wall.
7. Cell Organellesstructure and Function.
8. Endomembrane System-Endoplasmic Reticulum.
9. Golgi Bodies.
10. Lysosomes.
11. Vacuoles.
12. Mitochondria.
13. Ribosomes.
14. Plastids.
15. Micro Bodies.
16. Cytoskeleton.
17. Cilia.
18. Flagella.
19. Centrioles (Ultra Structure and Function).
20. Nucleus-Nuclear Membrane.
21. Chromatin.
22. Nucleolus.

Chapter 11 ( UNIT III: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION )

1. Chemical Constituents of Living Cells.
2. Biomolecules-Structure and Function of Proteins.
3. Carbodydrates.
4. Lipids.
5. Nucleic Acids.
6. Enzymes-Types.
7. Properties.
8. Enzyme Action.
9. Classification.
10. Nomenclature of Anzymes.

Chapter 12 ( UNIT III: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION )

1. B Cell Division.
2. Cell Cycle.
3. Mitosis.
4. Meiosis.
5. Their Significance.

Chapter 11 ( UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY )

This unit covers the essential metabolic and growth processes in plants, emphasizing internal mechanisms over morphology.

1. Photosynthesis.
2. Photosynthesis as a Means of Autotrophic Nutrition.
3. Site of Photosynthesis Take Place.
4. pigments Involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary Idea).
5. Photochemical and Biosynthetic Phases of Photosynthesis.
6. Cyclic and Non Cyclic and Photophosphorylation.
7. Chemiosmotic Hypothesis.
8. Hotorespiration C3 and C4 Pathways.
9. Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Chapter 12 ( UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY )

This unit covers the essential metabolic and growth processes in plants, emphasizing internal mechanisms over morphology.

1. Respiration.
2. Exchange Gases.
3. Cellular Respiration-Glycolysis.
4. Fermentation (Anaerobic).
5. TCA Cycle and Electron Transport System (Aerobic).
6. Energy Relations- Number of ATP Molecules Generated.
7. Amphibolic Pathways.
8. Respiratory Quotient.

Chapter 13 ( UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY )

This unit covers the essential metabolic and growth processes in plants, emphasizing internal mechanisms over morphology.

1. Plant Growth and Development Phases.
2. Seed Germination
3. Phases of Plant Growth and Plant Growth Rate;
4. Conditions of Growth
5. Differentiation.
6. Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation.
7. Sequence of Developmental Process in a Plant Cell.
8. Growth Regulators Auxin.
9. Gibberellins.
10. Cytokinins.
11. Ethylene.
12. ABA.

Chapter 14 ( UNIT V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY )